The Island of Jamaica Essay -- Jamaica Countries Geography

The Island of Jamaica The island of Jamaica is the third largest Caribbean island. It is ina group of islands called the greater antilles. It has an area of 10 991km squared or 4 244 sq. miles. Jamaica spans 230 km tocopherol to west and from80-36 from north to south. It is third only to Cuba, which is the largest,and Hispaniola which is the second largest island. Jamaica lies in theCaribbean sea which is a part of the much larger Atlantic ocean. Theisland is 960 km south of Florida, one hundred sixty km southwest of Haiti, and 140 kmsouth of Cuba. Jamaica is mainly a mountainous island but there are 320 km of finesandy beaches, swamps, moist fern- forests, sprawling open plains, plateaus,rushing rivers, and magnificent waterfalls. The Blue Mountains are thehighest mountains in Jamaica and Blue Mountain Peak which is the highestpeak in Jamaica rises to 2256 m or 7 402 feet. They are made up primarilyof limestone. Farther to the west in the cockpit country the limest one haseroded over many years to form large depressions, reduce valleys,underground caverns and rivers. Most of the surface rivers are short, swiftflowing and descend quickly to the coast and consist of a series of rapidsand waterfalls. The island is ringed by plains isolated by mountain andsea. The country is divided into three counties. They are Cornwall to thewest, Middlesex is central, and Surrey is to the east. Middlesex is thelargest county. Jamaica is also divided into 14 parishes which arebasically like provinces or states. The parishes are capital of Jamaica, St. Andrew,St. Thomas, Portland, St. Mary, St. Ann, Trelawny, St. James, Hanover,Westmoreland, St. Elizabeth, Manchester, Clarendon, and St. Catherine.... ... Kingston, Jamaica Kingston Publishers, 1976 Macpherson, John. Carribean Lands. Spain Longman Group Ltd, 1974Sherlock, Philip. The Land and People of the West Indies. U.S.A J.B. Lippinc ott Company, 1967 Wilkins, Francis. Jamaica. Hong Kong Chelsea House Publishers, 1987Zach, Paul., and Hoefer, Hans Insight Guides Jamaica. Singapore APA Productions, 1987 Jamaica Information Service. Jamaica An Overview. Kingston Jamaica Information Service, 1990 Potter, Mitch. New Album Kicks off Marley Blitz. The Toronto Star. 6 February, 1991, Sec. E, p. 4 Jamaica. Merit Students Encyclopedia. 16th ed., 1980 Jamaica. The World Book Encyclopedia 14th ed., 1989

Stephen King :: biographies bio biography

Stephen Edwin King was born in Portland, Maine in 1947, the second son of Donald and Nellie Ruth Pillsbury King. After his parents separated when Stephen was a toddler, he and his onetime(a) brother, David, were raised by his mother. Parts of his childhood were spent in Fort Wayne, Indiana, where his fathers family was at the time, and in Stratford, Connecticut. When Stephen was eleven, his mother brought her children back to Durham, Maine, for good. Her parents, Guy and Nellie Pillsbury, had become incapacitated with octogenarian age, and Ruth King was persuaded by her sisters to take over the physical care of the elderly couple. Other family members provided a small house in Durham and monetary support. After Stephens grandparents passed away, Mrs. King found work in the kitchens of Pineland, a nearby residential facility for the mentally challenged.Stephen attended the grammar school in Durham and and so Lisbon Falls High School, graduating in 1966. From his sophomore year at the University of Maine at Orono, he wrote a weekly column for the school newspaper, THE MAINE CAMPUS. He was as well as active in student politics, serving as a member of the Student Senate. He came to support the anti-war movement on the Orono campus, arriving at his stance from a conservative view that the war in Vietnam was unconstitutional. He graduated from the University of Maine at Orono in 1970, with a B.A. in English and qualified to teach on the extravagantly school level. A draft board examination immediately post-graduation found him 4-F on grounds of high blood pressure, limited vision, flat feet, and punctured eardrums.He and Tabitha Spruce married in January of 1971. He met Tabitha in the stacks of the Fogler Library at the University of Maine at Orono, where they both worked as students. As Stephen was unable to find musical arrangement as a teacher immediately, the Kings lived on his earnings as a laborer at an industrial laundry, and her student loan and savin gs, with an occasional boost from a short story sale to mens magazines.Stephen made his first professional short story sale (The Glass Floor) to Startling Mystery Stories in 1967. Throughout the early years of his marriage, he continued to sell stories to mens magazines. Many of these were later gathered into the Night Shift collection or appeared in other anthologies.In the fall of 1971, Stephen began teaching high school English classes at Hampden Academy, the public high school in Hampden, Maine.

Sex in the Media Essay -- Papers

Sex plays a major role in todays fellowship. From television, radio, music, and advertisements, to video games, the Internet, art and pictures, all forms of media use wind up to sustain sell their products. With the public being exposed to so many different types of media, the overuse of sex is common. Is sex a useful tool, or a stratagem to get the attention of the public? Before discussing sex in the media, one must understand why it has come to be that people use sex as a gimmick. The writing of modern history has resulted in a viewpoint that is nothing short of a stag party. The history of women is ignored, hushed up, and ban in the most literal sense of the term. This method of eliminating the social and political destiny of half of humanity is the most effective form of supremacy. (Janssen-Jurreit 189) The world as it exists today, is still man-made, no less now then in the nineteenth century. Alice E. Courtney states, Womens self-awareness as fe masculines has until very recently reflected the worlds (mostly mens) image of them how well their personal performance matched male expectations. These individual roles, as described by Oneill and Leone in Male/Female Roles Opposing Viewpoints as the relationship of a man or woman to society on the basis of gender, became essential in shaping male and female attitudes towards one another. Over the past twenty years remarkable changes in these conventional male and female roles have been witnessed. The subsequent impact on men, women, and families due to these changes is believed to be, by many social historians, caused by the re-emergence of the womens movement. (Oneill and Leone 138) Though a positive allowance of roles has occurred, how is it that childr... ...New York. Thousand Oaks. 1994Davis, Simone Weil. Living up to the Ads Gender Fictions of the 1920s. Conn. Durham Dike Press. 2000Dines, Gail and Jean M. Humez. Gender, Race, and Class in Media a Text Reader. Cal ifornia. Thousand Oaks. 1995 Goffman, Erving. Gender Advertisements. Boston University Press. 1974Holtzman, Linda. Media Messages What Film, Television, and hot Music Teach us about Race, Sex, and Gender Roles. New York. Sharp. 2000Impoco, Jim. (1996 April). Tvs frisky family values. U.S. News & World Report 120 no 15, p. 58-62. Janssen-Jurreit, Marie Louise. (1982). Sexism The Male Monopoly on story & Thought. New York Farrar Straus Giroux Oneill, M. Teresa, Leone, Bruno. (1983). Male/Female Roles Opposing Viewpoints. St. Paul. Greenhaven Press.

Ethics and Accounting :: Finance Business Accountant Accountancy

Ethics and AccountingWhats ethics got to do with business relationship? Everything Believe me,everything. When the word ethics is mentioned, what readily comes to mind is the questionof decision do amongst doing what is right and doing what is handle. But doing what isright versus doing what is wrong within what context? The idealist will say thatdecisions of ethics should not be conditional. But it is not as simple as it sounds, forwhat constitutes right to one person, may be wrong to another person. What bridges the gap,guides, and clearly distinguishes the line between right and wrong in political,economic and social systems are traditions, culture, laws and regulations. Even then, whatis unethical may not necessarily be illegal, pull down though there exists a oddment relationshipbetween the two. These dynamics apply to almost every legal profession, accounting notexempted. This paper examines the issues of ethics in accounting. It also looks at thedifferences and similari ties between fiscal accounting to managerial accounting.IntroductionAccording to Marshall et al, (What the numbers mean, 2003)accounting involves identifying, measuring, and communicating economic information about anorganization for the purpose of making decisions and informed judgments. Thisdefinition clearly shows that there are stakeholders in the information generated bycontrols. These include managers, shareholders, oversight and law enforcement agencies,and the general public. Since these entities rely on the reports generated byaccountants for critical decision making, it is important that the information be reliable,objective, and presented in an easy to understand format. Ignoring or circumventing these valuesrenders the information generated unreliable. It can lead to devastatingconsequences as evidenced by events which led to recent legislation such as the Sarbanes-Oxley Actwhich seeks to make top management of organizations accountable for the financialstatement produce d by their organizations through the internal controls they develop andenhance, and to oversee auditors who hitherto could have business interests other thanauditing in the organizations they were responsible for auditing.Financial versus Managerial accountingManagerial accounting refers to the management of company resourceswhile applying management accounting principles in decision making. Oneimportant characteristic of management accounting is that, it is internal to theorganization even though external information such as financial accounting reports willhave some amount of influence.Financial accounting refers to the identification, recording,computation, and reporting of financial information to users who may have a stake in theinformation reported. An important characteristic of this information is that it is gearedtowards users external to the company.A financial accountant generates information for externalconsumption. These products include the income statement, the balanc e sheet, the statement

My Incredible Stay in Bolivia Essay -- Observation Essay, Descriptive E

My Incredible Stay in Bolivia As I lifted my heavy suitcase off the wheeled cart, my mind soon went to work reviewing everything I had brought. Considering the mad rush I had to get packed for my ten day stay in Bolivia, I knew there was no way I could incur remembered to bring everything. I knew for sure that I had remembered my toothbrush, which is the thing I normally forget. I also mentally went through everything I had packed and to my delight recognize I hadnt forgotten a thing I was so proud of myself I was part of a twenty-one member team from the United States that went to the largest city in Bolivia to provide humanitarian aid, which included eye exams and refractions. From the Santa Cruz airport, I rode in a small green and white taxi to the small church compound, the rank I would be calling home for the next ten days.Stepping out onto the hard packed sandy ground, I silently caught my breath. It was amazing Breathtaking would be a more appropriate word. Surrounding the small church, were so many different shades of green. The palm trees held a deep sea green color, while the small plants lining the walkway showed a lighter forest green. Plants grew everywhere. Everywhere, including the phone lines I found out later, that because of the moisture in the air, plants could live anywhere without soil. This explained the suspension system plant attached to the phone line directly above the church. A sweet, gentle smell hung in the air. Everywhere I turned, it was there. I soon completed that the smell was coming from a small jasmine bush. The bush had many dainty white flowers and each of them were distributing their fresh scent everywhere.Looking across the street, I could suck up several more varieties of trees and bu... ... I never fully grasped the power of that statement until I met these people. It is so true. Love bridges that barrier put up amid the cultures, and that is enough.The church compound was filled and overflowing with the lo ve these people showed, and to me, there is nothing more special than that. Yes, I will admit, the setting was gorgeous and so different from anything I had ever experience, but the people were what made it memorable for me.When I got back home, I was just as nervous about forgetting something there. I knew I had my toothbrush, and then quickly went through everything else in my suitcase. I was sure I hadnt left anything there, and I was so proud of myself Then it hit me. I realized I had left something very important there. Something I could not live without. I had left a part of my heart in Bolivia, and I know it will always be there.

My Incredible Stay in Bolivia Essay -- Observation Essay, Descriptive E

My Incredible Stay in Bolivia As I lifted my heavy suitcase dark the wheeled cart, my mind soon went to work reviewing everything I had brought. Considering the mad rush I had to get packed for my ten day stay in Bolivia, I knew there was no way I could have remembered to bring everything. I knew for sure that I had remembered my toothbrush, which is the thing I normally forget. I also mentally went through everything I had packed and to my delight realized I hadnt forgotten a thing I was so proud of myself I was part of a twenty-one member team from the United States that went to the largest city in Bolivia to provide humanitarian aid, which included eye exams and refractions. From the Santa Cruz airport, I rode in a small unripe and white taxi to the small church compound, the place I would be calling home for the next ten days.Stepping pop out onto the hard packed sandlike ground, I silently caught my breath. It was amazing Breathtaking would be a more appropriate word. Surr ounding the small church, were so many different shades of green. The ribbon trees held a deep sea green color, while the small plants lining the walkway showed a lighter forest green. Plants grew everywhere. Everywhere, including the phone lines I found out later, that because of the moisture in the air, plants could live anywhere without soil. This explained the hanging plant attached to the phone line directly above the church. A sweet, gentle smell hung in the air. Everywhere I turned, it was there. I soon realized that the smell was coming from a small jasmine bush. The bush had many dainty white flowers and each of them were distributing their unspoilt scent everywhere.Looking across the street, I could see several more varieties of trees and bu... ... I never fully grasped the power of that statement until I met these people. It is so true. hit the sack bridges that barrier put up between the cultures, and that is enough.The church compound was filled and overflowing with the love these people showed, and to me, there is nothing more finical than that. Yes, I will admit, the setting was gorgeous and so different from anything I had ever experience, but the people were what made it memorable for me.When I got back home, I was just as nervous about forgetting something there. I knew I had my toothbrush, and then quickly went through everything else in my suitcase. I was sure I hadnt left hand anything there, and I was so proud of myself Then it hit me. I realized I had left something very important there. Something I could not live without. I had left a part of my heart in Bolivia, and I know it will always be there.

China Unbalanced

china Unbalanced Continual frugal growth for the yesteryear 30 years has allowed China to rise as an stinting power. As the Chinese manufacturing industry continued to grow many of the people moved from rural areas into urban centers. The continued economic growth has taken China from a poor country to the 2nd enceintest economy in the world. Using many of the principals of capitalism China has overcome obscurity and change magnitude exports to the point of rough drawing a large trade surplus with Europe and the United States. The growing wealth of China has drawn much criticism form the global leadership as trade deficits rise.China has continued on policies of currency fixing and implementation of subsidies that are consistently controversial with the World Trade Organization (WTO). Continued mechanical press from global leaders for currency reform and trademark infringement violations have forced Chinese officials to take actions. Chinas increased wealth did not immediate result in increased funding for social programs. Health care, public education, workers benefits, and social security measure are all lacking or nonexistent. The disposal is faced with the difficult prospect of developing social programs, revising the work system, and ensuring employment remains low.Health care for many years not an issue for the Chinese people as a program termed the adjure rice bowl ensured the people that health care would be available and at an affordable cost. The iron rice bowl was no longer available to the majority of the Chineses and health care had become a concern to millions of people. Failed programs in the past had encourage improper diagnoses and the over subscribing of antibiotics. Restructuring became a priority and the political sympathies has contributed large sums towards improving coverage and facilities.Universal health care is expected to be a first step in the coming years for all Chinese. The Chinese people have traditionally been a nat ion that saves the majority of their disposable income. The tendency to save large amounts of income has been a result of the people expecting little to no assistance from the government in retirement. Pensions and Social Security were almost completely non-existent for many workers. The government has gradually increased pensions for urban and rural workers consistently since 2005. The majority of the people still do not have pension coverage.The move towards providing increased financial security for the people is expected to have a positive result on domestic consumption. Domestic consumption is the key to growth in China as the global economy has slowed. Rising unemployment has been an increased concern for the Chinese government. Students are graduating from college and are unable to find employment. As unemployment continues to remain stubbornly high the government has taken to stimulus to assist in creating jobs. With local governments having submitted for projects in the pa st the stimulus was implemented quickly.Jobs were created and the understructure of China was improved. A continual effort has been do to improving the Chinese infrastructure in both the costal cities as well as the inland. Government infrastructure projects have become increasingly strategic in the fight against unemployment. New technology in construction equipment is commonly not used in favor of using manpower over mechanism power. Social programs have proven to be expensive. Increased wages and the development of social programs all result in more expenses for businesses and government.China has sustained growth for the operate 30 years by providing the world with cheap manufacturing labor. Cheap labor is beginning to leave China. Manufacturing chases cheap labor. China is in danger of loosing the primary evidence why the country was able to rise out of poverty. Creating a new competitive edge is essential for China to continue growth and remain an economic power. The eco nomy must evolve. The population has gradually increased their level of education. China must encourage higher education by building universities and attracting the worlds top educators.Without an educated population and a thriving middle class China will loose everything they have worked so hard to gain. Aggressive infrastructure developments continue but not in a sustainable way. China lacks quality engineers and regulations for construction projects. Low quality designs, engineering, and project management has made the Chinese infrastructure increasingly faulty. Buildings, roads, and bridges have half the life span as those within the US. A lack of codes and regulations on materials and design has lead to increased failures.Development of schools that promote architecture, engineering, and project management must be promoted throughout the country. China is cash rich and knowledge poor. Professionals in the applied sciences must be real and be comparably to those of the develope d nations. The Chinese economy must adapt in order to sustain growth. The years of hyper growth appear to have terminate and are know privy to slower yet continued growth in the range of 7%-10%. As the economy advances from an emerging economy into a fully developed economy the Chinese people must develop regulations and laws that support the new economy.The Chinese have lacked a proper foundation in history standards and laws governing business practices. Accounting fraud or misuse of information is not uncommon. Without accepting International accounting standards (IAS) or generally excepted accounting standards (GAAP) China will not realize its full potential and the international community will question earnings results. The laws that protect investors and businesses must be modern laws. Bankruptcy laws in particular are almost nonexistent. China has a bright future but like so many economies beforehand them must except change and not rely solely on what has worked in the pas t.

Gay Marriage Opinion Essay

Mainwaring goes on to argue that because Only a little more than 53% of the signers were Republican, and the lie an assortment of parties, gay sum is a common, mainstream concern, to be shared among citizens of tout ensemble backgrounds. Mainwaring defends the signers of this petition, stating that because they signed an anti-gay marriage petition, their actions cannot be chalked up to homophobic motives. He says that the broad majority simply view marriage as an immutable term that can only apple to heterosexuals, and that we shouldnt mess with the term marriage.I menti unrivalledd originally that Mainwarings opinion on this topic is considerably unique. This is because he himself is, in fact, gay. It was not only the fact that Mainwaring decided to mention this, but also the apposition of this statement that was mildly infuriating to me. To me, placing the fact that he is gay directly after his statements defending the people who signed the petition is a bit bid an African-A merican saying I think obscures should be submit to a lower standard of living than whitesand its okay for me to think this because Im blackIf a black person were to say this today, this would be considered socially unacceptable from nearly every person in this country, and it should be the same for Mainwaring and all other gays. Its extremely difficult for me to even begin to wrap my head around how Mainwaring can even have this opinion. How he can blatantly undermine the oppressed minority he has categorized himself into, simply because we should not attempt to force into an old construct something that was never meant for same-sex partnerships is appalling.Mainwaring believes that simply because the term marriage has meant one thing for the past two hundred years, it simply cannot be open to interpretation, like m each other dated laws. So many several(predicate) sections of the constitution have been twisted and bent toward various opinions, just as the following should be. A ll persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside.No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal testimonial of the laws. The argument that Mainwaring is trying to make is ill-supported and weak. It is less credible that the late 1920s Separate but Equal mantra, considering complaisant unions, which Mainwaring proposes for gays, are in no counseling even close to being equal to a traditional marriage.Before the Civil Rights Movement, many people were raised to believe that blacks were meant to be inferior. However, as sense arose, people began to realize that this simply is not true under the eyes of the law, there should be virtually no diff erence between a black person and a white person. Likewise, there should be no difference between a gay or a straight couple. A civil union is in no way a reasonable alternative for gays, and if us as Americans were to make that statement the new traditional, there one day in the future may be no limits on the term marriage.

A study to understand market acceptability of Pepsi Atom Essay

EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThe project gives an overview of the Indian tardily drink trade various players, new entrants etc. The shine up of the project is to understand the put of PepsiCos new drink Pepsi Atom and its mart feignability.PepsiCos drink didnt appeal to masses. In spite of the modern ideas, 360 degree marketing and a grand crossing launch the product didnt do wellnessful.PepsiCo being a colossal come with launching oftentimes(prenominal) a product can be questionable. One of the motives could too be that the huge excite could help cross recall. Pepsi Atom was target with consumers who need stronger drink. It was to plan of attack the market sh ar of Coca- skunks Thums Up however it failed.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTI wish to express my gratitude to all those who pull in helped to make this project a success. I would bid to thank my project guide, Prof. Rajesh Vyas without his guidance and back up this project would non pretend been possible.Also I would like to thank our director Dr. Kalim Khan who has provided us with the necessary infrastructure and guidance in the course of the project. Also I would like to take this opportunity to thank all the teaching as intumesce as non-teaching staff for their continuous help and support.INDEXSr. No.ParticularsPage No.1Introduction1.1Indus try on Overview Food & Beverage61.1 A)Indian Soft Drinks Market Detailed Report71.2Company Overview PepsiCo Inc.121.3Pepsi Atom The bait grass from Pepsi202Research methodology222.1Research Design252.2Tools for information Collection253Data Interpretation & Analysis264Findings405Recommendations436Annexure6.1Questionnaire366.2BibliographyIntroduction1. An Overview of Indian Food and Beverage SectorThe Indian solid food and crapulence sector is huge and highly rivalrous in nature. The industry comprises of several sub-sectors such(prenominal) as fruits & vegetables, meat & poultry, dairy, marine products, grains and consumer foods. Snack isone of the major s egments of the packaged food division, which comes under the broad division consumer foods. Though the snacks market in India is dominated by the unorganized sector, the organized sector has shown remarkable harvest-festival in terms of market sh atomic number 18 in the last few years.The report provides a snapshot of the Indian snack industry which has witnessed several changes since 1995. In the initial years, the market was dominated by dickens players traditional snacks player Haldiram and Uncle Chips manuf toyurer Amrit Agro. Later on, with the entry of international crapulence and snacks player PepsiCo, the market dynamics changed completely. Now, the market is dominated by PepsiCo with its wide be sick of product portfolio. The other major players include Parle Agro, ITC, Parle Products, Balaji Wafers and Parle Wafers among others. A number of regional players break also entered the market in the last few years and are giving tough competition to the big players.In 20 12 Indias sluttish drink market grew virtually 23% to 435.54 cardinal rupees ($7.29 billion) from 353.77 million rupees, while the carbonate drinks business grew 13% to 179.51 million rupees from 158.71 million rupees in 2011, Euromonitor entropy showed.1.1.A. Indian Soft Drinks Market Detailed Report1970s and early 80sthe entry and exit of CokeIndia has proved to be perhaps the toughest battle ground for the skunk giants. Coca-Cola was the 1st international soft drinks dent to enter India in early 1970s. Indian market was dominated by domestic brands, with Limca being the largest selling brand. Cola was the largest selling flavor with market share of 40%, puke drinks 31% and orange drinks only 19%.Up bank 1977, Coca-cola was the leading soft drink brand in India. But delinquent to norms set by the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA), Coca-Cola left India and did not return till 1993 by and by a 16 year absence from the Indian beverage market. FERA needed Coca-Cola to reveal its secret concentrateformula as well as reduce its equity stake which was not acceptable.Pure drinks, Delhi launched Campa-Cola, to take emolument of Cokes exit and by the end of 70s, were the only Cola drink in the Indian market. In 1980, Parle, other major Indian player launched Thums Up, the drink which till date is most popular soft-drink in India. Pure Drinks strongly objected to Thums Up being called a soft drink as it felt its prove is too strong. For over a decade, Parle led the Indian soft-drinks market, with its market share reaching a peak of 70% in1990. get down 1 In May 1985, PepsiCo joined hands with the RPG group to form Agro Product Export Limited. It planned to import Cola concentrate and sell soft-drinks under the Pepsi pit and in return offered to export Juice Concentrate from Punjab. The government rejected the proposal due to its using a foreign name and importing the concentrate.Attempt 2 Pepsi decided to play the Punjab Card by promising to invest $15 million in Punjab, establish an Agro Research centre (costing Rs 1.55 crores), a stump spud and grain based processing unit (costing Rs 8 crores) and a fruit and vegetable processing unit (costing Rs 5 crores). Benefits and proposal included better market for rice, wheat and fruits in Punjab, creation of 25000 jobs in Punjab and 25000 more(prenominal) in other areas. In 1988, government agreed. PepsiCo entered as Lehar Pepsi and by 1991, it was clear that most of its promises were just on paper.The caller-up did improved the productivity in India, introduced farmers to new technology, established agriculture research centers in Jallowal and Channo (in Punjab) and Nelamangla in Karnataka and invested more capital than promised (by the year 2000, total coronation was Rs 18 billion), nevertheless the picture on many other aspects was gloomy. The planned operations in Punjab were delayed and as a result, local farmers had to bear a combined loss of Rs. 2.5 Million. Pepsi paid o nly 0.75 Rs/Kg of Tomato compared to open market price of Rs 2/Kg. Employment was provided to only 783 people as compared to 50,000 promised (although company claimed it to be 26,000 due to direct and indirect operations). It began exporting tea, rice, shrimps, field glass bottles, leather products as against fruits and vegetable products. There was an pull down a show-cause notice to Pepsi by the ministry of commerce. fortuitously for PepsiCo, in 1991, the government of India liberated the economy on grounds of severe foreign exchange crisis and Pepsi was apologized from all the dedications it had made during entry.Re-entry of Coca-Cola in 1993On the 26th of October 1993, Coca-Cola re-entered the Indian market having acquired some(prenominal) of the leading Indian soft drink brands from Parle, namely Thums-Up, Maaza, Limca, Goldspot & Citra. These brands joined Cokes portfolio of international brands i.e. Coca-Cola, Sprite, Fanta, Schweppes as Coca-Cola India took control of t he top soft drink brands in India from the very beginning. From 1993 to 2003, company invested US $ 1 billion in India.The beginning of Cola WarFor the Cricket World Cup 1996, Pepsi was not the official sponsor of the tournament, Coke was. But Pepsi had a whole pool of best players roped in as brand ambassadors from the sub continent and abroad. The ad tally of Nothing Official About it rocked the country and despite Coke being the official sponsor, it was Pepsi which hogged the publicity.In 1998, with the release of blockbuster movie Kuch Kuch Hota Hai, Pepsi took out another ace from its sleeve, featuring Shahrukh, Rani and Kajol in its ad. The punch line was Yeh Dil Maange more which was an iconic line and struck a chord amongst the people.Coca-Cola countered by spoofing the ad, using Sprite, to hilarious effect. Pepsi responded with a spoof of its own, starring Azhar and Jadeja hitting on the Coke line of Eat Cricket, Sleep Cricket, Drink Only Coca Cola with the punch line of More More Cricket, More More Pepsi. Coke again hit back, this time with Thumbs Up ad. They portrayed the cricketers as monkeys and ended the ad with Dont be a bunder (monkey) Taste the Thunder Situationturned ugly with Pepsi going to court and finally ended with Coke withdrawing the ad.The Cola wars went on full-fledged till 2003, when a pesticide controversy forced Coke and Pepsi to fight on the same side in so called Indias New Cola Wars.The ControversiesPresence of Pesticides In 2003, the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) findings stirred the beverage industry in India. CSE claimed to find dangerous levels of pesticides in all the 57 samples of 11 soft drinks brands composed by the organization from 25 different manufacturing units of Coca-Cola and PepsiCo spread over 12 states. The study found a cocktail of three-five different pesticides in all the samples on an middling 24 times higher than norms laid down by government-run Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS). Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat and Kerala banned the sale of Colas in schools, colleges and government departments, and other states also took adversarial measures.The day after the CSEs announcement, Coke and Pepsi came together in a rare show of solidarity at a joint press conference. The companies attacked the credibility of the CSE and their testing ground results, citing regular testing at independent laboratories proving the safety of their products. They promised to provide this info to the public, threatened legal action against the CSE while seeking a gag order, and contacted the coupled States Embassy in India for assistance. They roped in major film stars to explain their purity to public. Despite all these measures, sales dipped by as a lot as 80% in some regions. The soft drinks industry took over a year to get back on the growth track.Ground Water Crisis Coca-Cola was recently impeach of ground irrigate depletion in many areas of the country. Coca-Colas b ottling operations which extract hundreds of millions of liters of pissing from the groundwater resource have significantly worsened the water crisis as groundwaterlevels have dropped sharply since Coca-Cola started its operations. The company was also accused of indiscriminately dumping its toxic waste into the surrounding areas polluting the water as well as the land. The Coke reiterated its inscription to trim down water usage and take steps towards environment sustainability and farmers welfare. However, activists retort that Coca Cola is in the business of water usage and wasting, creating a luxury product largely for the middle class. They are unlikely to put water concerns over profits, until they are forced to.The road forrardAmidst various allegations and controversies, the soft drinks industry in India, supported by its booming economy, strengthening middle class and low per capita consumption, is growing at a cruising pace. The centering has shifted from carbonated drinks to Fruit drinks, with both the companies launching Lemon drinks in 2009-10. In the next few years, the fruit juice category is likely to carry the growth flag forward as consumers become more health conscious. The companies are likely to take more steps to deal with environment sustainability. But the Cola wars are here to stay. We as customers can be assured of superior products and hilarious ads in the process. And are we complaining?1.2 About PepsiCo Inc.PepsiCo is a global food and beverage leader with net revenues of more than $65 billion and a product portfolio that includes 22 brands that generate more than $1 billion each in annual retail sales. Their main businesses Quaker, Tropicana, Gatorade, Frito-Lay and Pepsi-Cola making hundreds of enjoyable foods and beverages that are loved by dint ofout the world. PepsiCos people are united by their unique commitment to sustainable growth by investing in a healthier succeeding(a) for people and our planet, which they d eal also, means a more successful future for PepsiCo. They call this commitment Performance with Purpose PepsiCos promise to provide a wide range of foods and beverages from treats to sizeable eats to find innovative ways to minimize our impact on the environment by conserving energy and water and reducing packaging volume to provide a great workplace for ourassociates and to respect, support and invest in the local communities where we operate.Headquarters Purchase, New York U.S.Area Served WorldwideKey People Indira Nooyi (Chairman & CEO)Core net revenue $65.492 billion(Source Balance cerement of PepsiCo Inc 2012)PepsiCo IndiaPepsiCo entered India in 1989 and in a short period, has vainglorious into one of the largest and speedyest growing food and beverage businesses in the country. PepsiCo Indias growth has been guided by PepsiCos global vision of Performance with Purpose. This means that while businesses maximize shareholder value, they have a responsibility to all the sta keholders, including the communities in which they operate, the consumers they look and the environment whose resources they use. They are one of the largest food and beverage businesses in India. PepsiCo Indias diverse portfolio includes iconic brands like Pepsi, Lays, Kurkure, Tropicana 100%, Gatorade and Quaker. PepsiCo India has not only grown to become one of the countrys largest food and beverage businesses but has also become a powerful and consistent driver of PepsiCos global growth.Within 2 decades, the company has been able to organically grow eight INR 1000 crore plus brands in India, which are household names trusted crosswise the country. A growing portfolio of enjoyable and wholesome snacks and beverages PepsiCos portfolio reflects its commitment to nourish consumers with a diverse range of fun and healthier products. The portfolio includes several healthier treats like Quaker Oats, Tropicana juices, multigrain Aliva range which is baked, rehydrator Gatorade, Tata Wat er plus, Lays baked range and Lehar Iron Chusti fortified extruded snack with superior quality iron & B-vitamins.Model federation with over 24,000 farmers PepsiCo has pioneered and established a model of partnership with farmers and now works with over 24,000 happy farmers across nine states. More than 45 percent of these aresmall and marginal farmers with a land holding of one acre or less. PepsiCo provides 360-degree support to the farmer through assured buy back of their produce at pre-agreed prices, quality seeds, extension services, disease control packages, bank loans, weather insurance, and the latest technological practices.Global leader in water conservation In 2009, PepsiCo India achieved a significant milestone, by becoming the starting time business to achieve Positive Water Balance in the beverage world, a fact verified by Deloitte Touch Tohmatsu India Pvt. Ltd and has been Water Positive since then. The company made this possible through innovative irrigation practic es like direct seeding, water recharging, and by reducing the consumption of water in its manufacturing facilities. PepsiCo is lauded for its efforts for water conservation.Care for the environment PepsiCo is focused on reducing its carbon footprint. Nearly 30 percent of its energy is today generated from renewable sources such as rice husk boilers and wind turbines. Initiatives such as reduction of use of chemicals, eco-friendly packaging initiatives and efficient waste management help reduce core on the environment. PepsiCo Indias award-winning Waste to Wealth recycling program reaches 465,000 families.Exemplary employment practices PepsiCo India presently employs 6,400 people and provides indirect employment to almost 2,00,000 people. The company believes in providing employment and growth opportunities to local talent. Its College of Leadership, ensures early identification of talent, and employees focused development through critical experiences. The company emphasizes Winning with Diversity and comprehension and has a significant number of women in the leadership team in India. PepsiCo India has won the prestigious Hellen Keller Award from the National Centre for Promotion of Employment for disable People (NCPEDP).Brands of PepsiCo in IndiaPepsiCo India has various brands under its umbrella the food and beverage industry in India. It enjoys second position in terms of market share, at 34.1% in an aerated drinks industry which is valued at Rs. 14k Cr.FoodsPepsiCos foods division Frito-Lay is the leader in the branded salty snack market. All its products are free of trans-fat and MSG. It manufactures Lays potato chips, Cheetos extruded snacks, Uncle Chipps and traditional snacks under the Kurkure and Lehar brands. The companys high-fibre breakfast ce unfeigned, Quaker Oats and low-fat and roasted snack options like Aliva increase the number of healthy choices available to consumers. AlivaCheetosKurkureLaysLehar NamkeenQuaker OatsUncle ChippsBeveragesPep siCo Indias expansive portfolio includes iconic refreshment beverages Pepsi, 7UP, Nimbooz, Mirinda, slash and multitude Dew, in addition to low calorie options such as Diet Pepsi, hydrating and nutritional beverages such as Aquafina drinking water, isotonic sports drink Gatorade and fruit juices such as Tropicana and Tropicana 100%. 7UPAquafinaDukesGatoradeMirindaMountain DewNimboozPepsiSliceTropicanaPEPSIBrand HistoryPepsi is a hundred-year-old brand loved by over 200 million people worldwide. The largest undivided selling soft drink brand in India, Pepsi is ubiquitous on just about every cordial occasion. Youngistaan loves it. 200 million people worldwide love it. But what has made Pepsi the single largest selling soft drink brand in India is actually a formula concocted a century ago in a faraway continent. 1886, the US. Caleb Bradman, a man with a plan formulated a blockbuster of a digestive drink and decided to call it Brads drink. The potion was to become Pepsi Cola in 189 8, and eventually, Pepsi in 1903. Since its inception, Pepsi has always been at the forefront of the beverage industry and has come up with revolutionary concepts such as Diet Pepsi, 2l bottles, recyclable malleable cola bottles and the enviable My Can.Brand AdvantagePepsi has become a friend to youth and youth culture. Over generations, youngsters have grown up with Pepsi and have dual-lane an emotional connect with it unlike with any other cola brand. Be it parties, hangouts with friends, or just another day at home, a day is never complete without the fizz of Pepsi Pepsi has always fuelled youth passions like cricket, Bollywood, music and now football. Youth icons like MS Dhoni, Ranbir Kapoor, Didier Drogba, Virendar Sehwag, Sachin Tendulkar, Priyanka Chopra and Deepika Padukone have endorsed Pepsi since its launch in India.Pepsi Changed the Game during the 2011 cricket world cup by challenging convention, celebrating the unorthodox and by becoming the official sponsor of every thing that was unofficial about the sport Change the Game even as a thought has gained enormous popularity and generated tremendous buzz. Taking the same theme forward in 2012, Pepsi changed the game yet again by fetching the lead in celebrating the exciting new platform of football. Having brought the biggest international football stars and pitching them against the efficiencyy Indian cricketers in a classic faceoff for Pepsi is something which only a brand like Pepsi can deliver.Quick Brand FactsFlagship brand of PepsiCo.100 year old brand loved by over 200 million people worldwide. An iconic youth brand in India.The single largest selling soft drink brand in India.1.3 Pepsi Atom Josh cola from PepsiCreated for the Indian market, in collaboration with Pepsi-Cos global innovation team, it is a result of extensive flavour development and consumer testing in the country. The cola, the latest addition to the fast growing branded beverage market in India, is available across the co untry. It comes in a bold black and blue packaging including a 250 ml My Can at an introductory price of Rs 15 and a 500 ml PET bottle at Rs 25. 200 ml returnable glass bottles (RGB) are also available in select markets at Rs. 10. Introductory prices, however, may vary slightly in different markets.Bollywood actor Sushant Singh Rajput is its brand ambassador. reassure beyond senseless stunts and exaggerated action.Get ready to get real with the Pepsi Atom, the Josh cola from Pepsi. Piyo Josh Mein. Jiyo Hosh MeinPepsiCo India vice-president (beverage marketing) Deepika Warrier said Pepsi Atom addresses the consumer need for a stronger, fizzier cola with a sharp audition hit. From robust distribution to large-scale sampling high-visibility launch at Pepsi IPL to an insightful and relatable campaign, we have aggressive plans, she addedPepsiCo spoofs Thums Up with its Atom campaignThe Atom commercial reminds us of the old Thums Up ad. The launch campaign of Pepsi Atom brought spoof adv ertising back to the cola war turf after years. For at least 10 years, Thums Up has been showing extreme daredevilry in its advertising, through actors such as Akshay Kumar and now Salman Khan. The Atom ad shows a macho man getting slapped by a woman after he mistook her husband for a thief and then the smart guy comes and offers him Atom.Pepsis new ATOM to fizz over TOOFANWith an estimated market share of 15%, Thums Up aka TOOFAN is the undefeated champion in the Rs. 14000 cr. Indian soft drinks market. The local brand from the house of Parle Agro was sold to Coca-Cola and then started a journey the buyers never dreamt of.Coca Cola apparently tried to kill the brand once they got hold of it. But, they read the market and had to channelize the brand in a whole new avatar. The Indian Youth of 80s and early 90s were more flaunting in nature and Thumps Up added the zing to this macho era.But with the launch of Spicy Pepsi, there can be a tough completion. PepsiCo the title sponsors of IPL who have bagged the pouring rights for the event, spent approximately Rs. 160 cr. over a span of 50days. ATOM is launched into the markets as internal completion to Thums Up. High Carbonation is the only difference that makes Thums Up a leader in it segment. With the huge failure of Pepsi Blue, this new variant looked a lot promising.Some questions that will be answered towards the end of the report 1. IPL has started to sustain out in terms of viewership, is it safe to put money in this platform? 2. Yougistan was much appreciated, but are they on the right move with their OH YES ABHI act? 3. Spicy gives it a Desi Kala Khatta effect, so is it positioned right? 4. Its hard to play with Consumer Taste Preferences, is the right move taking the approaching summers into consideration?2. Research methodological analysisWhat is Research?Research is a logical and arrogant search for new and useful information on a particular topic. It is an investigation of nding solutions to scienti c and social problems through objective and systematic analysis. It is a search for knowledge, that is, a discovery of hidden truths. Here knowledge means information about matters. The information might be asked from dierent sources like experience, human beings, books, journals, nature, etc. A research can lead to new contributions to the existing knowledge. Only through research is it possible to make progress in a eld. Research is done with the help of study, experiment, observation, analysis, comparison and reasoning.Research can be loted by a proper and systematic method. Research methods are the various procedures, schemes, algorithms, etc. used in research. All the methods used by a researcher during a research study are termed as research methods. They are essentially planned, scientic and value-neutral. They include theoretical procedures, experimental studies, numerical schemes, statistical approaches, etc. Research methods help us collect samples, information and nd a solution to a problem. Particularly, scientic research methods call for explanations based on hive away facts, measurements and observations and not on reasoning alone. They accept only those explanations which can be veried by experiments.For any research to be accurate and upto the mark, one needs to collect data and information and conduct analysis accordingly. Thus data collection has to be done. Data can be hoard in mainly two waysPrimary data collectionSecondary data collection1. Primary DataThe primary data is that data which is unruffled fresh or firstborn hand and for first time which is original in nature. Primary data can be collected through individualized interview, questionnaire, experiments, survey etc to support the secondary data. Primary data can also be collected by observation. Primary data collection gives a personal physical contact to the data. It also requires field visits. Primary data is not easily available as one has to go for field visits.2. Secon dary DataThe secondary data are those which are already collected and stored. Secondary data can be easily obtained from records, journals, annual reports, web-blogs, periodicals, magazines. Easily available after the invent of electronic media.For this project primary data has been collected by questionnaire filling method. Secondary data is also used from company websites, other research websites, books and reference material. Recommendations are given on the basis of personal observations and responses received by asking verbal questions to respondents. Data collected by questionnaire is based on sample method.SamplingSample is a subset of elements from population. It can be better explained as a process of selecting members or elements of a sample from a given population. A bunch of people have been considered, and considered as a universe and sampling is conducted on them.Probability Sampling Methods A mathematical chance of selecting respondents. There are number of probabili ty sampling strategies that can be used that vary in their complexity. They are SimpleSystematicStratifiedProportionateClusterMultistageSimple Random SamplesUnder this method of sampling the strength people you want to interview are listed e.g. a group of 100 are listed and a group of 20 may be selected from this list at random. The selection may be done by computer. Simple random sampling is the most straightforward of the random sampling strategies. We use this strategy when we believe that the population is relatively homogenous for the characteristics of interest.For example, lets say you were surveying first-time parents about their attitude towards mandatory seat belt laws. You might expect that their position as new parents might lead to similar concerns about safety measures. On campus those who share major might also have similar interests and set we might expect psychology majors to share concerns about accesses to mental health services on campus.2.1.A Research DesignP rimary data was collected for understanding consumer preferences Secondary data was used for the competitive analysis.Data available on the internet was used in the research.2.1.B Tools for Data CollectionPrimary Data Collection was done through responses collected from questionnaire. The competitive analysis had to be done on the television commercials of the competitors. Secondary data was also collected through various websites.Data Interpretation and Analysis evidenceIt can be seen that out of the sample size of 100, 86 people consume aerated drinks. This shows that the market for soft and aerated drinks is huge. Thesoft drink market today is estimated to be at 14000K Cr. (July13 A.C.Neilson report).InferenceThe awareness about various brands is very well cognise in the market. All brands are equally known by the consumers. Even the newly launched drink Rio- by Silver Ice Beverages is well known to the masses.InferenceThe above chart shows that the major reason behind people no t consuming soft drinks is that they find it unhealthy. The unhealthy factor could be due to excess sugar, or the way it affects the tooth. Also a major chunk does not like its gaseous effect.InferencePepsiCo did a high visibility launch of the product in IPL. PepsiCo roped in Kai Po Che star Sushant Singh Rajput as their brand ambassador. Pepsi Atom has a huge brand recall.InferencePepsi Atoms first commercial was released on 1st May13. The commercial was shown during all the breaks during the IPL determinees, the frequency was huge. Thus the highest level of awareness about the product was created by TV commercial. away from this, their facebook page also gave them a good naming ratio.Inference come on of the entire sample 86% people said they consume soft drinks. Out of this only 47% people have tried Pepsi Atom. These are mostly the first time buyers. After the huge media spends and the kind of buzz created this ratio could have been better.InferencePepsi Co. launched Pepsi A tom as a strong drink to compete with Coca-colas Thumps Up which has a standalone market share of 15% in the Rs.14000 cr.soft drink market. The commercial was an direct attack to Thums Up ads which shows macho men doing high end stunts. But the following research shows that this was not very much appreciated by the masses. The ad couldnt even create an interest for consumers to try Pepsi Atom.InferenceThe following data analysis clearly shows that people were dissatisfied with the taste of Atom. Almost 50% found its taste to be bad. Pepsi Atom was an innovation by PepsiCo which was targeted at the Northern region, which demands a stronger fizz. But Pepsi Atom couldnt satisfy the taste buds of Indian consumers.InferenceThe fizz content of Pepsi Atom was more than satisfactory, which is a added advantage for the product. Even then huge chunks of approximately 33% were not satisfied with the level of fizz.InferenceThe colour of the product is like any other black colour drink hence not much could be said about this parameter.InferenceThe packaging of the bottle is very stylish, agreed almost 50% of the respondents.InterferenceThe product is priced according to industry levels. The product is available in tetra packs as well as returnable glass bottles and is priced same as PepsiCos other beverages or Coca-Colas other products.InferencePepsiCo had invested huge amount in the distribution channel of Pepsi Atom. Also spent a lot of amount in its marketing, thus it can be seen that the accessibility was very good.InferenceThe SKU of Pepsi Atom was on par with other industry players. This can be seen in the above bar diagram.Q.9 How different is Pepsi Atoms taste from other products? This question was answered by individuals by mentioning how they actually found the taste. A snap shot of the same is given belowInference72% repondents denied making a re get of Pepsi Atom. If there are no repurchaes it will sure as shooting affect the brand Pepsi as an entity.Inferenc ePepsiCo conducted a sampling and engagement exercise for Pepsi Atom with over one million consumers across key centres. It said the new brand was in line with its commitment to the Indian consumer. In spite of this 50% of the respondents found the taste to be inappropriate. The market research could be faulty in this case.FindingsTaste The taste of Pepsi Atom did not touch the tongues of people. Pepsi Atom tastes like cinnamon cola people preferably do not like taste of cinnamon into cola. It actually feels like one is having some spicy cola. I had also come across a random opinion which mentioned Pepsi Atom tastes like liquefied chawanprash. This chawanprash type taste can certainly lack acceptability to people who like to consume Pepsi along with their meals.Branding v/s Reality The branding of Pepsi Atom did very powerfully holding in mind all the factors Brand Ambassador like Shushant Singh Rajput, a powerful event campaigning and above all positioning it as Josh Cola From Pep si. Since it was supposed to be positioned against Thumbs-up, it campaigned it as Josh Cola. Positioning a spicy cola as Josh cola is merely nothing but an exaggeration. Josh cola builds a perception that its an energy drink which is not the reality.Product Innovation Its time when people are getting health conscious. Since cola drink are not considered healthy to consume, Pepsico could have thought of drink with combination of Cola and some energy ingredients making it a real energy drink for Machos (Young Adults). It would have been best way to shoot thumbs-up.RecommendationThe product should be discontinued immediately and sent back to R&D department. If not this than at lest the advertising spends on this product should be stopped with immediate effect. Pepsi Atoms packaging was very much appreciated by the masses PepsiCo can use this packaging on other product or on some new product which it may launch in future. Coca-cola has reduced the prices of their product which has helpe d in increasing the sales. PepsiCo can also adopt this strategy. Coca-cola reduced their advertising spends and all that cash was used here. PepsiCo has received a huge brand re-call during this IPL span hence advertising now is not very much needed.PepsiCo India President Manu Anand QuitsManu Anand, region president for India and South Asia at beverage and snacks company PepsiCo, quit the company on Wednesday, 20th June13. PepsiCo Indias overall share in April was lower than last year, with Coca-Cola managing to increase market share in the same period. PepsiCos market share in April this year fell to 29.7% from 32.1% over the same month last year, Coca-Cola increased its market share to 48.3% from 45.8%.PepsiCo had been banking heavy on the IPL T20 and spent a record Rs 160 crore on the tournament, but Coca-Cola grew faster in the period was the final trigger for Anands exit. PepsiCo had paid the cricket board Rs 396 crore to buy title sponsorship rights for five years of the IPL starting this year double of what previous title sponsor, real estate firm DLF, had paid. The spend, media buyers, believe, over-estimates the potential ofthe controversy-ridden IPL.What Coca-Cola did?To match PepsiCos heavy ad spends in the summer season, Coca-Cola has dropped prices of 200-ml glass bottles to Rs 8 in most markets. Coca-Cola has also been discounting heavily in sales to trade and push button multi-serve packs such as 400 ml, 300 ml glass bottles and 500 ml PET bottles.AnnexuresQuestionnaireName _____________________________________________________Contact no. _________________Email id ______________________Age group12 yrs 18 yrs19 yrs 30 yrs31 yrs 45 yrs46 and aboveGenderMaleFemaleOccupationEmployedBusinessSelf-employed learnerHouse-makerRetiredOthers ________________1. Do you consume soft drinks?a) Yesb) No(If yes please skip question no. 3)2. From the following soft drinks which ones are you aware off? a) Pepsib) Coca-colac) Fantad) spritee) Limcaf) Thums-up g) Mountain Dewh) Rioi) Appy Fizzj) Mirandak) 7 Upl) Any Other __________________3. Please share with us the reason for not consuming soft drinks? a) Its unhealthyb) Allergic to such drinksc) Do not like the gaseous effectd) Do not like the overall tastee) Do not like the sweet tastef) Others _______4. Are you aware of Pepsi Atom?a) Yesb) No(If yes go to next question, if no please exit the survey)5. Please share with us the mediums through which you became aware about Pepsi Atom? a) TVb) Radioc) Printd) Outdoore) Internetf) Friends and relativesg) Others (Please specify) _____________6. Have you ever consumed Pepsi Atom?a) Yesb) No(If yes skip the next question and go to questions no 8, if no answer next question)7. Please share with us the reasons why you never consumed Pepsi Atom. a) It was not availableb) The advertisement couldnt create interest for me to try Pepsi Atom c) Doesnt find it to be worth the priced) Loyal consumer of other brand Please mention the name of the other product ______________ e) Others ______________8. beneficent rate Pepsi Atom on the basis of the following parameters, 1 being lowest and 5 being highest a) Tasteb) Fizzc) Colourd) Packaginge) equipment casualtyf) Availabilityg) Volumes/Sizes9. Does it have a similar taste to any other product? If yes, please mention the name of the similar product ________________10. Will you purchase Pepsi Atom again?a) Yesb) No(If yes exit the survey thank you for participating. If no then proceed to next question)11. What is that you did not like about Pepsi Atoma) The taste was not appropriateb) Highly carbonatedc) Gives a burning sensationd) Not worth the pricee) Others ______________BibliographySourceThe article is published in the 2010 mutation of theAnnual Marketing Magazine titled MADazine of VGSOM, IIT Kharagpur.https//www.facebook.com/pepsiatompepsihttp//www.campaignindia.in/Tag/pepsi_atom.aspxhttp//pepsicoindia.co.inhttp//www.pepsico.com/

Bcg Matrix Critique

Marketing Critique BCG Matrix Your Name Here Table of Contents Introduction3 Concept Overview3 Functional Critique5 Intellectual Critique6 Ethical Critique7 Political Critique8 Conclusion8 Bibliography9 Introduction This constitution will attempt to provide a broad critique of the Boston Consulting theme Matrix in light of the ideas of Hackley (2009). In his book MarketingA Critical Introduction, Hackley presents a framework for analysing grocery storeing shapes.He suggests that well established grocerying concepts should be re-evaluated from time to time, to determine if the food marketing studies for that area are applicable to present-day(prenominal) example, and revisit the functional, intellectual, ethical, and political relevance of the verbalize concept. I opted to evaluate the Boston Consulting Group sticker, which is an established tool of the strategic management field, utilisationd frequently in marketing circles to optimize harvest mix.Where alternative versio ns of the matrix have come up in recent studies, the traditional BCG Matrix continues to be popular and this piece of music intends to evaluate whether the support for the model is justified or needs to be rectified. Concept Overview The Boston Consulting Group (BCG) Matrix was initially designed in the whole shebang of a leading management consulting firm, the Boston Consulting Group. Henderson (1970) first presented the concept of the Product Portfolio Matrix, the framework of which categorized intersection points within a companys portfolio as stars, notes cows, dogs, or promontory marks.Also called the Growth-Share Matrix, the model presented by Henderson (1970), organized the harvest-homes as per their respective growth rate, market consider, and positive or negative funds flow. The Matrix was said to create further growth opportunities for the firm if more resources were invested in those growths which generated positive cash flows. The model described Stars as those which enjoy a large market share in a rapidly growing industry. Where these stars generate cash, the nature of the market mandates the business to invest cash in order to maintain the products market share.The model suggests that continued investment in these stars will eventually lead to these products in becoming cash cows Cash overawe are products which have a large market share in a mature industry. Cash cows are on that pointfore well established, and do not require much investment (marketing expenditures) to continue to generate cash flow. As these products generate cash flow, they are highly guarded. Over time, however, these cows whitethorn lose appeal in the market and may have to be retrenched. Question Marks are products which have a low market share in a high growth industry.These products require significant cash investments to generate any kind of boost in sales. Strategies in the case of question marks may either lean towards expansion or retrenchment, depending on the market share growth enjoyed by the product. Lastly, there are the dogs which are product lines with low market share in low-growth markets. The nature of the market usually results in these products being produced at a cost disadvantage, and as a result, the cash flow generated from these products is negligible. line of descentes usually seek to divest these products, unless they serve an alternate strategic aim.Functional Critique The BCG Matrix presents a strong framework as to how products can be managed from a strategic marketing perspective. At the core of it, the functionality of the BCG Matrix is focused around maximizing returns on investment and how best to deploy organizational resources (Cooper, Edgett, Kleinschmidt, 1999). However, there have been several critiques of its applicability (Stalk and Stern, 1998). In particular, the model has been criticized for its polarities with respect to how the market growth and market shares have been presented.In the real world, products do not have a high or low share, and are often stuck somewhere in the middle (Hambrick, MacMillan, and Day, 1982). The matrix presents no ideas as to what kind of strategies are to be implement for the product in this case. Further, market growth rate has been cited as an important driver of product development. Contrary to the advice of the BCG Matrix, market growth rate is viable solely till the point of saturation, after which point it would be counterintuitive for the firm to be investing in a product that does not enjoy legal age stake (Stalk and Stern, 1998).The critical view of the BCG Growth-Share Matrix was also shared by Morrison and Wensley (1991), who claimed that the model was myopic as it prescribed a set of strategic solutions, instead than encourage marketing executives to think creatively with respect to their product lines. On the contrary, Cooper, Edgett and Kleinschmidt (1999) found in their study that firms which centered strategy on the product por tfolio model were not only more financially viable, but marginally outperformed other firms.Therefore, it is safe to conclude that where the applicability of the BCG model may be challenging, the results it produces are plentiful for strategists to continue using the model. Intellectual Critique Morrison and Wensley (1991) found that the BCG Matrix set a standard for strategic models, and that a plethora of similar matrix expression models came about in the years after the BCG Matrix was introduced (Wind, Mahajan, and Swire, 1983). However, this is where the intellectual contribution of the BCG Matrix ends, they argue.They claim that the Matrix oversimplified the nature of marketing strategies, and streamlined product arrangements in a way that was confirmatory rather than innovative, a view shared by Marren (2004). Other researchers tend to believe that the introduction of the BCG matrix brought forth the greatness of financial management in marketing. In particular Schoeffler, Buzzell, Heany (1974), Wind, Mahajan Swire (1983), and Dirkinderen Crum (1984) found that the model recalibrated organizations to focus their strategies more around portfolio management and enhancement.The simplicity of the matrix meant that it could be employ to other areas of marketing management, such as product look cycle model (Barksdale Harris, 1982), sales force management (Strahle Spiro, 1986). Despite the fact that the model set about significant critique from the academia when it was first launched, it is ironic that the BCG Matrix continues to be an inevitable curriculum component in almost every Marketing and Business Management program around the world.In their study, Morrison and Wensley (1991) found that a majority of instructors continued to espouse the benefits of the matrix to their students, despite having some reservations about its applicability. Perhaps the best estimation of the intellectual value of the BCG Matrix was provided by Henderson, the creat or of the model a milestone on the search for insight into business system dynamics, but sure not the end of the road (Moore, 2001). Ethical Critique As per Hackley (2009), marketing studies need to examine the ethical and accessible values which surround marketing practice and theory.In the case of the Boston Consulting Group Matrix, the model is an internal strategic tool which shapes product assortment which is to be deployed to the market. The nature of the model is such that it advocates products with high market share in strong market growth. The ethical quandary posed here is whether the organization should retrench a product line which has low market share, in an industry of low market growth, but the product serves a purpose that is beneficial to society (such as pharmaceuticals).In a similar vein, is it ethical for a company to invest more resources into promoting a product in a growing market, even when the company is aware of the adverse effects of the product (such as cigarettes). In other words, should an organizations product assortment be negligent of social benefits, and be determined solely on market dynamics alone (McDonald Leppard, 1992), in a time when businesses are advocating principles of corporate social responsibility?It is also pertinent to note that the BCG matrix encourages organizations to continue investing in profitable ventures (cash cows), whereas it suggests retrenching investment to those products (dogs) which are not responding to market stimulation initiatives. Considering the large research and development expenditures that go into creating and launching a product, it is not clear from the BCG model about how long the company should wait before removing the product from markets altogether (Seeger, 1984).Therefore, users of this model may want to base decisions in the context of net social benefit to continue driving the long term sustainability of the company and society at large. Political Critique As Hackley (2009) i ndicated, when analysing any marketing tool, it is important to learn where the concept originated and what institutional forces stood to advantage from its evolution. In the case of the BCG Matrix, as described earlier, the model was originated in the work of Henderson (1970).The matrix was an integral component of the Boston Consulting Group and was used by several influential benchmark companies at the time of its launch. The matrix also enjoyed coverage in the press, despite strong criticism by academia (Morrison and Wensley, 1991). It is clear that the hype around the model stood to benefit the Boston Consulting Group the most, a fact that is confirmed by the fact that the company propagates its use to this very day, despite being aware of its shortcomings.It has also been found that aside from promoting and capitalizing on the success of their models, consultancies go great lengths to ensure that they attract the highest profiled organizations to employ their services, so tha t they can charge higher consulting fees citing the quality of their past work (OShea & Madigan, 1998). Conclusion In conclusion, it is clear that the Boston Consulting Group Matrix is flawed in some(prenominal) respects, but continues to enjoy support in academic circles for its implications of strategy.It also serves to purpose that the model has inspired the creation of numerous other matrices to assist organizations in strategizing better. However, as with any marketing tool, it is important to keep in mind the ethical implications of the decision-making advised by these strategic models. Bibliography Cooper, R. G. , Edgett, S. J. , & Kleinschmidt, E. J. (1999). New product portfolio management practices and performance. Journal of product innovation management, 16(4), 333-351. Hackley, C. (2009). Marketing A critical introduction. Sage Publications Limited. Derkinderen, F. G. & Crum, R. L. (1984). Pitfalls in using portfolio techniquesAssessing risk and potential. Long Range P lanning, 17(2), 129-136. OShea, J. , Madigan, C. (1998). Dangerous company Management consultants and the businesses they save and ruin. Penguin USA. Henderson, B. (1970). The product portfolio. BCG Perspectives series (The Boston Consulting Group, 1970). Hambrick, D. C. , MacMillan, I. C. , Day, D. L. (1982). Strategic Attributes and Performance in the BCG MatrixA PIMS-Based Analysis of Industrial Product Businesses. Academy of Management Journal, 25(3), 510-531.Barksdale, H. C. , Harris Jr, C. E. (1982). Portfolio analysis and the product life cycle. Long Range Planning, 15(6), 74-83. Marren, P. (2004). The matrix revisited. Journal of Business dodging, 25(4). McDonald, M. , Leppard, J. W. (1992). Marketing by matrix 100 practical ways to improve your strategic and tactical marketing. Butterworth-Heinemann. Morrison, A. , Wensley, R. (1991). fisticuffs up or boxed in? A short history of the Boston Consulting Group share/growth matrix. Journal of Marketing Management, 7(2), 105-129. Schoeffler, S. , Buzzell, R.D. , Heany, D. F. (1974). Impact of strategic planning on profit performance (pp. 137-145). Graduate School of Business Administration, Harvard University. Seeger, J. A. (1984). Research note and communication. Reversing the images of BCGs growth/share matrix. Strategic Management Journal, 5(1), 93-97. Stalk, G. , & Stern, C. W. (Eds. ). (1998). Perspectives on Strategy From the Boston Consulting Group. J. Wiley. Wind, Y. , Mahajan, V. , & Swire, D. J. (1983). An empirical comparison of standardized portfolio models. The Journal of Marketing, 89-99.

How does Kant support God’s existence? Essay

Immanuel Kant feels that no-one, human or otherwise, can know that God exists. This is imputable to various flaws and necessities for humanity. For one, when we cannot open an a posteriori proof for Gods existence due to the fact that it is completely dependent on our personal experience of the world and, in that respectfore, our senses. This is not to be relied upon as we can n invariably see the world for what it real is lone(prenominal) what it appears to us. Kant names the real world, the world we cannot see, the Noumenal World. The world which we perceive through our senses is known to him as the Phenomenal World. The Phenomenal World is the way it is as we cannot do but see the world in a spatio-temporal state of mind, as we ar spatio-temporal beings ourselves.The Noumenal World is inexperienceable to us because it really is completely unknowable. Therefore, we cannot know Gods existence as we cannot make correct a posteriori arguments for it, due to our biased and incorr ect perception of the world around us. However, Kant also feels that God must evermore remain a necessary postulate of practical reason. This means that although we cannot, in any way, prove Gods existence, the world will only ever make sense if we postulate, or assume, that God exists. Kant also felt that Gods existence is beyond the experience of our five senses, and so we cannot ever know that He exists through either our senses and, through them, our mind. It is amongst these principles that Kants moral argument for the existence of God is based.Kants argument for the existence of God is as follows firstly, it must be understood that the aim of all morality is the Summum Bonum, or the highest good. This highest good is both(prenominal) moral perfection and perfect happiness. For the Summum Bonum to be achieved, these must both be present, as one cannot be without the other. Morality, a universal concept, demands of us that we must aim for this Summum Bonum. We must all strive to be perfectly good, take up moral perfection and the perfect happiness. However, we cannot possibly achieve this ultimate good. This is due to the fact that we are flawed, weak and contingent beings, prone to mistakes and filled with imperfections. Although we may be able to strive towards virtue in our thought and conduct, we cannot achieve true happiness along with it to ensure perfection. We cannot achieve what we deserve for our efforts because we are not omnipotent.Therefore, we cannot go for to achieve this Summum Bonum. However, in Kants point of view, ought implies can. This means that if we are obliged to achieve the Summum Bonum, or highest good, then it must mean that it is achievable. Kant says it is a demand connected with duty as a requisite to presuppose the possibility of this highest good. This means that because we are required by our sense of duty to gauge to bring about the Highest Good, it must, therefore, be a possibility it must be attainable. However, t his poses a natural contradiction we cannot possibly hope to do something, and yet we are expected to do it, because we can. This means that we cannot achieve this ultimate good alone, but we must have outside help, from an external and omnipotent agency, or God. We also have an unlimited time to achieve this good in, immortality, which gives way to a definite afterlife. Therefore, Kant concludes, it is morally necessary to assume the existence of God.In this argument, there are two major assumptions upon which the argument rests upon. These are that, firstly, there is an absolute moral order within the world. This is shown to us through both the Bible and perform teachings. Another of the major assumptions is that we, humanity as a whole, are responsible to some transcendent self, in our unconsciousness. This means that we do not feel guilt, do to morality, to our superior, equals or inferiors in society. Rather, all our guilt is towards God. We all account towards him.Therefore, although Kant feels that we cannot possibly prove Gods existence, he feels that His existence must be a necessary postulate for the world to make sense. He, therefore, doesnt necessarily make sense of Gods existence and support it employ his moral argument, but, instead, he uses it to make sense of, and support, morality and why it exists. He had no intention of ever arguing towards the existence of God. Instead he vehemently opposed it, using our senses as our drawback in our arguments.

Economic Factors Affecting Automobile Sector Essay

1. Excess Capacity.According to CSM Worldwide, an automotive research firm, in 2004 the estimated automotive industry spheric doing capacity for light vehicles ( closely 74 million units) significantly exceeded global return of cars and trucks (about 60 million units). In North America and Europe, the two regions where the majority of tax income and profits are earned in the industry, excess capacity was an estimated 17% and 13%, respectively. CSM Worldwide projects that excess capacity conditions could continue for several more years.2. determine Pressure.Excess capacity, coupled with a proliferation of new products being introduced in key constituents by the industry, will keep pressure on manufacturers ability to increase prices on their products. In addition, the incremental new capacity in the United States by foreign manufacturers (so-called transplants) in recent years has contributed, and is likely to continue to contribute, to the severe price pressure in that commerc ialize. In the United States, the reduction of real3. Financing OptionsAuto industry observers cite car loans as the biggest driving factor for the enlargement of the Compact Car segment. At present, almost 85 per cent of all new car sales are backed by auto finance, compared to 65 per cent five years ago. Interest rates on car loans have come down drastically in the past four or five years, which helps prospective buyers take the plunge. The growth of the CC-segment in the past few years can be mainly convictioned to factors much(prenominal) as arising in income levels leading to change magnitude affordability and simultaneous reduction in interest rates leading to lower EMIs. The drop in interest rates usually helps very few people to probably shift from the base model to a deluxe model. A larger shift happens if people are automatic to takelong-term loans, like five years instead of the earlier three-year loans.2.4. Advertising and MarketingDue to the advertising technique s adopted by all the manufacturers in the CC-Segment the sales have risen drastically. It is all due to because the companies now a day are using level off aggressive selling techniques for which they are even coping with the Film celebrities and Cricket stars, like Maruti has contracted Irfan Pathan as the brand ambassador of Zen and for Santro Hyundai has contracted for Shah Rukh Khan. And the companies are even trying to approach to the client as to in that location demand for a vehicle at special interest loans, etc. They are using data according to the customersreturn and earning capacity for attracting the customers for there vehicles.5. Income of Consumer / BuyerThe income of the consumer or buyer of the car is a very important factor of demand. In recent time we have seen that due to increase in the Income of the general public, there has been a shift from the Lower CC-segment cars to the Upper CC-segmentcars.2Due to the recent increase in the number of multinationals in I ndia, the income level of the employees have risen drastically and has made CC-segment cars an entry level car for a lot of people. The average age of a CC-segment car owner has too dropped from 35 years to 31 years in India.6. Increase In AffordabilityThe demand for passenger cars is driven mainly by greater affordability, which in turn increases the aspiration level of the customers. straightaway with high amount of disposable income in the hand of Indian youth, who forms major portion of the population, PV market has larger addressable market.7. Demographic DriversCars being inspirational products, secure decisions are influenced by the overall economic environment. Increase in per capita income increases the consumption tendency of the customer. Growth in per capita income and rising aspirations and changing lifestyle is leading to increased preference for cars over two-wheelers, which is also having a positive rub off on car demand.8. exportingsThe share of exports from dom estic action is currently at 12-13%, which is much(prenominal) lower than current export hubs. Currently, Indias share of global passenger cars export volume stands at less than 1%. But India is fast emerge as a manufacturing hub for leading global car makers, and several manufacturers have already firmed up plans for setting up manufacturing bases in India, which will also be used for exports.9. Presence Across SegmentsManufacturers with presence across various product segments can ensure higher(prenominal) volume and better capacity utilization by using the common manufacturing capacity.Typically a customer upgrades from one segment to higher segment and the presenceacross various segments ensures that the company retains its existing customers.10. Efficient OperationsCompetition in PV segment is very intense and this requires the existing players to initiate steps to reduce their cost of production. Effective and successful operation methods like plan commonality, reduction i n vendor base and work force rationalization can help a company immensely.11. Wide Dealer Network and approachability of FinanceA wide dealer entanglement helps the company serve customers over wide geographical area. For e.g. Maruti has used its available wide servicenetwork as point of difference over competitors. The companies are tying up with the financial institutions having rural presence to provide additional financing options to customers in such areas.12. Access to Latest TechnologiesIndian PV segment is highly competitive with as many as 14 players operating in it and more than 80 models on the offering. But still any new model launch meets with increase in sales volume for the company. Moreover in a time when a substantial portion of Indian customer is looking to upgrade in higher segment, companies with latest technologies and latest models will catch more attentions.13. Factors of Production in that location are any(prenominal) factors of production which influence the supply of a car like make up of tender Material Labour Cost Machinery Input Cost These factors influence the supply of a car largely. If the cost of the tippy material (Steel, Spare Parts, Rubber) increases there will be an increase in the cost of production leading to hang in profit margins. Costs like labour costs, machinery and input costs also influence the supply with the increase or decrease in these costs.7.14. Government Policies and TaxesIf there is a change in the political relation policies regarding the increase in the road tax charged or the tax which is to be paid per unit sold, the supply of a car will fluctuate with the nature of the change. Recently the government has reduced the custom duty on inputs and raw material from 20% to 15% which has increased the supplyFactors affecting capital market in India-The capital market is affect by a throw off of factors. Some of the factors which influence capital market are as follows-A) Performance of domestic comp anies-The performance of the companies or rather corporate earnings is one of the factors which has discipline impact or effect on capital market in a country. Weak corporate earnings indicate that the demand for goods and services in the sparing is less due to slow growth in per capita income of people. Because of slow growth in demand there is slow growth in business which authority slow growth in demand in the near future. Thus weak corporate earnings indicate average or non so good prospects for the economy as a whole in the near term. In such a scenario the investors (both domestic as well as foreign ) would be wary to invest in the capital market and thus there is bear market like situation. The opposite case of it would be robust corporate earnings and its positive impact on the capital market.B) Environmental Factors-Environmental Factor in Indias context primarily means- Monsoon . In India around 60 % of agricultural production is dependent on monsoon. Thus there is he avy dependence on monsoon. The major chunk of agricultural production comes from the states of Punjab , Haryana & Uttar Pradesh. Thus deficient or delayed monsoon in this department of the country would directly affect the agricultural output in the country. Apart from monsoon other rude(a) calamities like Floods, tsunami, drought, earthquake, etc. also have an impact on the capital market of a country. The Indian Met Department (IMD) on 24th June stated that India would nail only 93 % rainfall of Long Period average (LPA).This piece of news directly had an impact on Indian capital market with mad cow disease Sensex falling by 0.5 % on the 25th June. The major losers were automakers and consumer goods firms since the below normal monsoon forecast triggered concerns that demand in the crucial rural heartland would take a hit. This is because a deficient monsoon could seriously squeeze rural incomes, reduce the demand for everything from motorbikes to soaps and worsen a slowing ec onomy.C) Macro Economic Numbers-The macroeconomic numbers also influence the capital market. It includes Index of Industrial Production (IIP) which is released every month, annual Inflation number indicated by Wholesale Price Index (WPI) which is released every week, Export Import numbers which are declared every month, Core Industries growth rate. This macro economic indicators indicate the state of the economy and the direction in which the economy is headed and therefore impacts the capital market in India.D) Global Cues-In this world of globalization various economies are interdependent and interconnected. An event in one part of the world is bound to affect other parts of the world, however the magnitude and intensity of impact would vary. Thus capital market in India is also affected by developments in other parts of the world i.e. U.S. , Europe, Japan , etc. Global cues includes corporate earnings of MNCs, consumer confidence index in developed countries, baseless claims in developed countries, global growth outlook given by various agencies like IMF, economic growth of major economies, price of crude oil, credit rating of various economies given by Moodys, S & P, etc. An obvious example at this point in time would be that of subprime crisis & recession. receding started in U.S. and some parts of the Europe in early 2008 .Since then it has impacted all the countries of the world- developed, developing, less- developed and even emerging economies.E) Political stability and government policies-For any economy to achieve and sustain growth it has to have political stability and pro- growth government policies. This is because when there is political stability there is stability and consistency in governments attitude which is communicated through various government policies. The vice- versa is the case when there is no political stability .So capital market also reacts to the nature of government, attitude of government, and various policies of the gov ernment.F) Growth prospectus of an economy-When the national income of the country increases and per capita income of people increases it is said that the economy is growing. Higher income also means higher expenditure and higher savings. This augurs well for the economy as higher expenditure means higher demand and higher savings means higher investment. Thus when an economy is growing at a good pace capital market of the country attracts more money from investors, both from within and extraneous the country and vice -versa. So we can say that growth prospects of an economy do have an impact on capital markets.G) Investor Sentiment and risk liking-Another factor which influences capital market is investor sentiment and their risk appetite. Even if the investors have the money to invest but if they are not confident about the returns from their investment , they may stay away from investment for some time. At the same time if the investors have low risk appetite , which they were having in global and Indian capital market some four to five months back due to global financial meltdown and recessionary situation in U.S. & some parts of Europe , they may stay away from investment and wait for the right time to come.Risk involved in this sector. Labour unrest and industrial action. Unexpected delays and cost overrun due to. Overlapping government jurisdiction. Corruptions and bureaucratic inefficiency. Slow down in government decision due to political instability. Raw material price. Restructuring of Automobile company Financial Allocation and cash flow Supply Chain Operational Efficiency Raw Material prices Fuel Efficien segment Competitiveness Fuel Prices Demands Emerging markets

Statement of Work for Wild Wood Apartments Essay

History Wild woods Apartments is a property divvy upment company. They own around 20 distinguishable building, each of which is composed of anywhere from 10-60 different units. Each building has a lot of randomness to maintain such as occupancy, leases, payments and maintenance requests and expenses. This is expected to be done by the manger on site and then they are to send a report to cooperate every quarter. Every quarter, cooperates receives the information form any 20 sites and has to then manage that. Doing all of this paper work and managing by hand or even in spreadsheets is very inefficient and wastes time. Creating a selective informationbase that can disposition and organize all of this pertinent information would help both the managers, cooperate and even the tenants.Scope The Wild Wood Apartments Database leave behind manage leases, maintenance requests and expenses, and rent amount and payments. The information leave be kept secure and the information give only be viewable to those that have a need to se e it. It will track tenants that have already paid rent and ones that are late. It will also track when a maintenance request is submitted and when it is completed.Constraints The database will be faithful for managers to be able to manage a tenants rent and maintenance requests. It will show when a maintenance request is submitted and when it was completed. It will not show the stipulation of the maintenance order as it is being completed, or if they are waiting for supplies, etc. It will show the managers when a tenant is late on a payment but will not show the tenant with they are current or not.Objective The documentary is to create a database for Wild Woods Apartments that can help them organize all of their properties information into one system t help streamline some of the work both the onsite managers have to do as well as the cooperate workers. The objective is to make the database record and use all of the important informat ion in once place The objective is to be able to use the database for managers to be able to generate the quarterly reports with ease.Tasks and TimelineGathering Data This task will consist of gathering of current data to find what information fields will be needed. It will also consist of a questionnaire. Time allotted 2 weeksDeliverables a text with the questionnaire on it, and a list of the required data. Analyzing Data Analyze the data to find the most efficient way to organize and display it Time allotted 2 weeksDeliverable a sample layout of how the information will be used Normalization A model will be made using blueprint entities and relationship Time allotted 3 weeksDeliverable A diagram showing the relationships and entities Building the physical database The model will be turned into an unquestionable RDBMS system. Time allotted 4 daysDeliverable a schema of the databaseTesting and security test data will be entered and the system will be tested to make sure all of the rules and the security protocols are working properly. Time allotted 5 daysDeliverable A record of the tests ran and the resultsDatabase Completion and Installation Any final changes will be made and then the database will be put on the server. The test data will be removed and the network connections will be tested. Time allotted 2.5 Weeks

Ethical Issues in Information Technology Essay

The society develops with unbelievable speed, from telegraphy, telephone, radio of 19th century to the modern 21th century, which is the Age with rapid ontogenesis and growing of knowledge and information. For example, Internet has been used widely everywhere in the world. We call it global, Web-based platform, this platform enables peck to connect, compute, communicate, compete, and collaborate anywhere, anytime to access limitless amounts of information, services, and entertainment(Rainer & Cegielski, 2011 ).It is so obvious Information technologies benefit us a hooking in the meantime, IT also can raise new ethical problems. Ethics is a outline of moral principles, or branch of philosophy dealing with values relating to human conduct, with respect to the rightness and unworthiness of certain actions and to the goodness and badness of the motives and ends of such action. They include responsibilities, accountability and liability. The major ethical issues related to IT argon c oncealing, accuracy, seat, and accessibility to information (Rainer & Cegielski, 2011).Privacy is the state of being free from unsanctioned intrusion. Now the right to privacy is considered by federal government as common justness. Solution Usually after huge amends or losses of some individuals, organizations or institutions, government comes up some privacy act for normal and hold dearion purposes. Privacy policies are an organizations guidelines for protecting the privacy of customers, clients and employees. They are an attempt to commence down crimes such as privacy, copyright infringement identity thief.The U. S. Congress implemented exemplifys address the ethical issues necessitating the inception of the acts and the advances in it. Lets see the following examples. Do Not Call Implementation Act We know organizations are able to collect, integrate, and distribute enormous amounts of information on individuals, groups, and institutions through computer networks. For ex ample, a lot of people experience receiving commercial calls for business selling or survey, waster peoples phone bill and disturb personnel lives.According to National Do Not Call registry (2011), Congress passed the Do Not Call Implementation Act on January 7, 2003. The Federal Communications way opened registration for the Do Not Call Registry on June 27, 2003 in order to accompany with the Do-Not-Call Implementation Act of 2003. The program has proved quite popular as of 2007, according to one survey, 72 percent of Americans had registered on the list, and 77 percent of those say that it made a prominent difference in the number of telemarketing calls that they receive (a nonher 14 percent report a small reduction in calls).Another survey, conducted less than a year after the Do Not Call list was implemented, ensnare that people who registered for the list saw a reduction in telemarketing calls from an average of 30 calls per month to an average of 6 per month. No Electron ic Theft Act Intellectual stead is the intangible property created by individuals or corporations that is protected under trade secret, patent, and copyright laws (Rainer & Cegielski, 2011 ). The most common intellectual property concerns related to IT deals with software. Copyright software without paying the owner is a copyright violation.We heard a lot of complains from copyright victims. It is very unfair for the people gain benefits by stealing the other peoples achievement through hard-working. Congress enacted the No Electronic Theft (NET) Act in 1997 to facilitate criminal prosecution of copyright violation on the Internet. The NET Act makes it a federal crime to reproduce, distribute, or make do copies of electronic copyrighted works such as songs, movies, games, or software programs, even if the person copy or distributing the material acts without commercial purpose and/or receives no private financial gain.Prior to this law being passed, people who intentionally distri buted copied software over the Internet did not face criminal penalties if they did not profit from their actions. Electronic copyright infringement carries a maximum penalty of three years in prison and a $250,000 fine (University Information Technology Services, 2010). Conclusion There name been advances in IT that have been an asset to business today. The advances can reduce risk, minimize cost, and maximum efficiency.When we take advantages from IT, we still need protect privacy and intellectual property. Whether you run your own business or work in a large company, youll be challenged by these issues, and youll need to know how to deal with them. We need learn how to identify the threats to information security, and actualise various defense mechanisms to protect information systems. Lets follow the privacy act to vacate the ethical issues in IT field. In that way we can protect ourselves and enjoy the benefits which the modern information technologies bring to us.