The value the ICH Guidelines bring to the field of clinical research Essay

The value the ICH Guidelines bring to the field of clinical research - Essay Example The quality guidelines ensure maintenance of high quality in clinical research at all times. The guidelines provide harmonization procedures that are crucial for standardization of clinical research. The presence of standardization means it is easy to monitor factors that point to low quality. The quality guidelines provide the thresholds for testing and a relatively flexible approach to research that includes the use of pharmaceutical products (ICH, 2005). Quality guidelines ensure good manufacturing practices are implemented in the production of all pharmaceutical products. ICH guidelines support clinical research by availing detailed safety guidelines that increases the chances of success and limits injuries (ICH, 2005). The guidelines aid in identifying or unearthing potential risks, which include carcinogenicity, reprotoxicity, and genotoxicity. Recently, there was a breakthrough in a non-clinical testing strategy that is used to assess the QT internal prolongation liability. It is a signification contribution to the field of clinical research. The carcinogenicity studies provide safety guidelines on the use of rodents, the importance of carcinogenicity pharmaceuticals, prices, and any relevant issues that affect the performance of the drug. Safety guidelines help in maximizing success and minimizing failure and losses. Safety is among the foundational issues in matters concerning clinical research. Efficacy guidelines are all about conduct, design, safety and the reporting guidelines for clinical trials (ICH, 2005). They provide a benchmark that can be used to measure success or efficiency in the clinical research. The guidelines also touch on new drugs that have been made biotechnological procedures and the use of genomic techniques. These processes aid in the development of improved medicines. These guidelines have a huge impact on the safety of clinical

Stress Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Stress - Essay Example Researchers Takeuchi, Williams and Adair investigate â€Å"Economic Stress in the Family and Children’s Emotional and Behavioral Problems† (1991) to determine whether children’s behavior is adversely affected by the economic stress levels of the household and whether this effect is increased with persistent as opposed to one-time dependence on social services. Dual-income households have their own set of stressors to face, however, which are explored in Windle and Dumenci’s â€Å"Parental and Occupational Stress as Predictors of Depressive Symptoms among Dual-Income Couples† (1997). â€Å"Race Differences in Depressive Symptoms† (2003) discusses how the differences between stress-induced depression in older blacks and whites in Northern Carolina differed very little, with differences being contained primarily in the larger degree of variance and greater linear growth evident in black individuals. Earlier studies had already indicated no corre lation between mental health and availability of support systems in helping these older adults deal with stresses caused by life events, but indicated a consistent steady rate of recovery for these individuals in studies such as â€Å"Transitory Impact of Life-Event Stress on Psychological Symptoms in Older Adults† (Norris & Murrell, 1987). Karen Rudolph and Constance Hammen (1999) concluded in their study on how experience and consequences of life stress varied depending upon age and gender differences that there are significant differences between the types of stress experienced between pre-adolescent and adolescent boys and girls. Of the 88 children who participated in their study, it was determined that while adolescent girls experienced the highest levels of interpersonal stress, adolescent boys experienced the highest levels of non-interpersonal stress. Preadolescent girls experienced the highest levels of independent stress and conflict in the family unit. In addition, it was determined

See Assesment Criteria Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

See Assesment Criteria - Essay Example Life expectancy decreased substantially in this period, in some areas by much as 25 years. Some of the major diseases that changed population dynamics greatly were cholera, smallpox, tuberculosis amongst others. The government of Great Britain struggled to contain these diseases and it was only with better living conditions, increased sanitation, reduced virulence of the disease and vaccinations that finally reduced mortality rates. In modern day infectious diseases, many of the same concepts are applicable in their control and better understanding of these has led to a continuously increasing life expectancy since Victorian times. Cholera was one infectious disease that increased mortality greatly. Cholera epidemics affected Great Britain, primarily London, between 1831 and 1866 (Halliday, 2001). While it was not known at the time, cholera is a water-borne disease that is caused by drinking water contaminated with choleric excreta. The bacterium is temperature dependent and multiplies rapidly in high temperatures (Cholera in England, 1893). However, in the Victorian era, the `miasmatic` theory was formulated to explain incidence of cholera. This theory assumed it was air, not water, which acted as a vector of transmission (Halliday, 2001). This assumption was unsurprising given that air pollution was major problem in London at the time. In fact, during the summer of 1858, the river Thames, filled with sewage, was referred to â€Å"Great Stink†by the Times. It was an anaesthetist, John Snow, who offered up an alternate explanation to the miasmatic theory. Snow observed that there was a high mortality amongst the users of a contaminated water pump during the cholera epidemic and persuaded the parish to remove it. This reduced mortality rates in the area greatly (Halliday, 2001). Furthermore, he observed that people getting their drinking water from a part of the Thames that was not polluted, showed much lower mortality rates. Unfortunately Snow’s ideas

Platos The Philosopher Ruler Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Platos The Philosopher Ruler - Essay Example In some ways, too, Pericles' account of his democracy can also be seen as ideal. On certain subjects, therefore, concerning the types or descriptions of government and heroic men advocated in these two works, while some amount of concurrence can be seen between them, some differences can also be detected. Close attention to the texts of both works give the idea, of an underlying unity, though they do represent differing (i.e. ethereal vs. corporeal) levels of a similar idea. One of the first ideas presented in "The Philosopher Ruler" is one that describes citizens as courageous warriors who would under no inducement desert their positions in battle. This seems an appropriate beginning when one considers the circumstances for which persons are gathered in "Pericles' Funeral Oration." The deaths being mourned are those of warriors who have seemingly embodied the virtue being lauded here in Plato's description of the ideal citizens. The men have demonstrated the ultimate courage and have died in the service of their country, proving themselves to be true patriots of the order described by Plato. Yet Plato seems to be concerned with more than just these expressions of courage. In fact, as Schofield (1999) writes, "What Plato is interested in is justice and moral excellence and the question of the unity or complexity of the human mind" (p. 4). He describes an excellence that lies far beyond the physical and which expresses an ideal. In Plato's record of the dialectic between Socarates and Glaucon, one finds Glaucon inquiring whether or not ideals can or have ever been fully expressed in the actual. He wonders whether persons have ever truly been what they have been said to be. He says, "Is it not the nature of things that, whatever people think, practice should come less close to truth than theory" (Plato, 1952, p. 262). This question appears particularly pertinent in view of the type of oration being given by Pericles. This speech attempts to show forth (among other things) the works and characters of the men who fought and died for their state. Pericles seems to express a similar idea, yet one that is (paradoxically) opposite to that expressed by Glaucon. While Glaucon argues from the point of the ideal-wondering whether language or even the real occurrences on earth have ever been shown to express it precisely, Pericles worries that language itself might fall short in expressing the actual. He says, "It would be enough, I think, for their goodness to be proclaimed in action" (Thucydides, 1972, p. 144) as he expresses concern at being able to accurately speak on it. Therefore, while Pericles considers the exploits of the heroes as possessing ideal qualities that may not be utterable, Glaucon contends that such exploits (being expressions of the actual) could never attain the heights of the ideal. While Socrates and Glaucon appear to praise the virtues of the intellect as ones that are indispensable to the constitution of a ruler, one finds that they also describe physical attributes and training as desirable qualities for a leader to possess. They mention the grooming of youths who have distinguished themselves in attention to philosophy taught them in their youth, and who have also distinguished themselves in the physical aspects of training as well. Hanson and Heath support

Multicultural Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Multicultural Education - Essay Example In revising this text for the paper, the researcher would conduct further research and look for empirical evidence to support the contention that the achievement gap among diverse cultures are linked to attention and engagement. The arguments presented in this text explored would have been more persuasive if researchers, their research methodologies and findings had been presented to support this statement. Attempts would have also been made to find empirical evidence of the claim that a multicultural education can engage and gain the attention of pupils and thus close the achievement gap. Certainly there must be some evidence of this outcome somewhere in the literature. In conducting further research, the researcher would revise the paper to identify possible areas of further research in the area of attention and engagement and how a multicultural education might have a positive outcome on the achievement gap. If the researcher finds nothing of value in the literature, he would rev ise the paper to reflect that the hypothesis has not been satisfactorily tested in the literature. It is also stated that a third and final revision would be the removal of direct quotes. These quotes would be removed and replaced by a synopsis of the quoted text instead. In conclusion, the researcher would also revise the text to reflect more critical arguments on the topic of multicultural education rather than a regurgitation of the theories discussed and assumptions espoused in the literature.

Effects of Evaluation and Monitoring of Ecde Programmes Essay Example for Free

Effects of Evaluation and Monitoring of Ecde Programmes Essay The researcher will attempt to investigate the background information, statement of the problem, purpose of the study; objective of the study, significant of the study, limitation of the study and delimitation of the study. The period between 0-6 years is also referred to as formative years. According to guideline series (2006) children are extremely dependent on the people for life sustaining support for example in provision of food, shelter, clothing and attention. Through interaction, punishment and rewards children turn to be individuals whom teachers, parents and other care givers want them to be. This period is very important for children because it is the foundation of their total life. Experiences of these years continue to influence the individual throughout life. It is also a period of the fastest growth and development in all aspects. The brain of the child is most malleable at this stage and hence influences such as care have greater impact. It is therefore very important to invest in early years of a child because research findings show that holistic development of an individual is during thee years Ragor(2008). Most recognized psychologist like Freud and Piaget came up with their theories after many years of observing infants in their formative years. In the united states of America(USA), the CCB is dedicated to enhancing the quality and affordable child care services for all families that was according internet(July 2001). CCB administers federal funds to states territories and tribes to assist low income families in accessing child care service while parents participate in education or training activities. CCB also funds a network of Technical Assistance projects that promote quality and strengthen programme administration. It also shares research findings and help policy makers, programme administrators, communities, caregivers and parents to understand and make good decisions about child care. In Mauritius ECDE is under the Ministry of Women Rights, child development, family welfare and Ministry of Education. 0% of pre-school are run by the state. In 1998 Ministry of Education Acts put the teacher pupil ratio of 1:19. The sector is dominated by untrained caregivers with no minimum qualification. There are three types of staff for example school directors, teachers, and assistant teachers. Teachers have a general education of specific training for pre-school teaching provided by credited Mauritius institute of Education. Teachers and their assistants are paid by the government. Teachers, helpers, learners and auxiliary staff are paid by Parents Teachers Association (PTA). The researcher found that in Kenya after independence the government got directly involve in education activities of young children. Nursery schools and Day-care centres were established. They became directly under the Ministry of Health and Home Affairs. These ministries inspected schools that were stated at that time. The responsibility was later shifted to the Ministry of Education. Many seminars were held which covered all areas including co-ordination, supervision, provision of materials, research and sources of finance. Training programmes were organized for trainers and supervisors so that they could monitors and evaluate ECDE programmes in the grassroots level. However currently according to Ngaroga(2006) the government to contributed to the current expenditure on early childhood development education (ECDE) is 0. 1% where as the primary education is free. At the county level, the ECDE teachers are employed and paid by different employers namely community, parents, local authorities or Faith Based Organizations (FBO). This combination of emotional security and stimulation does not just happen. Those developing and implementing curriculum should bear in mind the ways in which they will create these. Active planning of good routine and activities as well as toys and equipment that will encourage children to play and explore is fundamental. Teachers, caregivers and parents ought to have knowledge skills and attitudes towards helping children to acquire them. Despite government vision to have education for all by the year (2015), quality education has never been realized since the ECDE sector has not been given the attention it deserves. Ngaroga(2005) states that little has been done about educational assessment which should be conducted by various professionals in order to establish the educational needs of the child. This involves very thorough examination of the child in relation to the capabilities and handicap the child is identified to be having. This assessment involves various personnel in different fields. Evaluation and monitoring motivates the learner and measures his or her achievement of the intended objectives and progress. It also enables teachers to give an objective report of an individual child’s performance and determine the usefulness of the method used in teaching children. Thus provides the basis for improving educational programmes.

Pet Ownership Essay Example for Free

Pet Ownership Essay Many people now keep dogs and cats as companions. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of pet ownership for the animals involved and for the community as a whole. Dogs and cats can be delightful buddies but there are also a number of complications linked with possession of pets, both for the community and the animal. In great conditions, pets are fed, cherished and loved, like a family member. It’s easy to see how much care is given to pets. Cats and dogs contribute to the public in numerous ways. Dogs are beneficial in guarding a house and assist directions for blind people. Owning pets not only makes you more cheerful and healthier but also maybe even extend your life. Therefore, owning pets not only benefits the owner but also the community. Likewise, youngsters can to develop responsibility at an early age through helping in the care of their familys pet, elderly folks have company and something to do when their children have all moved out and made their own families. Conversely, there are negatives for the pets and community. Dogs and cats have limited freedom. Pet owners are needed to clean up after their pets. Parks and beaches often provide lavatories for this purpose. The community also has to take in dogs and cats that have been abandoned by irresponsible owners. Some irresponsible or selfish pet owners allow too much freedom for their animals which can upset neighbors if their garden is disrupted, some pet owners never correctly train their animals so certain behavioral issues such as extreme barking or aggression can be an issue between neighbors as well. To conclude, depending on how people treat and look after their pet, most of the time the benefits outweigh the drawback.